Ecology & Climate Change

1. Ecology – Definition
   Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment.
2. Agro-Ecosystem
   An agro-ecosystem is a managed ecosystem where crops, livestock, soil, and climate interact.
3. Components of Agro-Ecosystem
   Biotic components include plants and animals, while abiotic components include soil, water, and climate.
4. Ecological Balance
   Ecological balance ensures the stability of natural resources and sustainable agricultural production.
5. Biodiversity in Agriculture
   Biodiversity enhances ecosystem resilience and reduces vulnerability to pests and diseases.
6. Soil Ecology
   Soil organisms improve nutrient cycling, soil structure, and fertility.
7. Food Chain and Food Web
   Food chains and webs represent energy transfer within ecosystems.
8. Climate Change – Definition
   Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, rainfall, and weather patterns.
9. Greenhouse Gases
   Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide contribute to global warming.
10. Sources of Agricultural Emissions
    Agriculture emits greenhouse gases through livestock, fertilisers, and rice cultivation.
11. Global Warming
    Global warming increases average global temperatures, affecting crop productivity.
12. Impact of Climate Change on Crops
    Climate change alters crop duration, yield, and pest incidence.
13. Impact on Livestock
    Heat stress reduces milk yield and reproductive efficiency.
14. Impact on Fisheries
    Rising temperatures affect fish breeding and migration patterns.
15. Climate Variability
    Climate variability leads to frequent droughts, floods, and extreme events.
16. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
    CSA improves productivity, resilience, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
17. Adaptation Strategies
    Adaptation includes drought-resistant varieties and altered cropping patterns.
18. Mitigation Strategies
    Mitigation focuses on reducing emissions through sustainable practices.
19. Carbon Sequestration
    Soils and forests store carbon and reduce atmospheric CO₂.
20. Role of Agroforestry
    Agroforestry enhances carbon storage and ecological stability.
21. Sustainable Natural Resource Management
    Efficient resource use maintains long-term productivity.
22. International Climate Agreements
    Global efforts aim to limit temperature rise and promote sustainability.
23. Climate Change and Food Security
    Climate risks threaten the availability, access, and stability of food supplies.
24. Role of Institutions
    Institutions support research, adaptation, and farmer awareness.
25. Ecology, Climate Change and NABARD
    NABARD promotes climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable rural development.