CURRENT AFFAIRS – FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS

Current Affairs  2026 – Trending Topics  for UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railway, Defence and State Government Examinations

1. INDIA-US INTERIM TRADE AGREEMENT (FEBRUARY 2026)

India and the United States announced a groundbreaking framework for an Interim Trade Agreement on February 6, 2026, marking a historic milestone in bilateral economic relations. The agreement reduces reciprocal tariffs on Indian goods from 50% to 18%, providing significant relief to Indian exporters across multiple sectors. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump initiated broader Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) negotiations in February 2025, with the interim pact serving as a transitional framework. India has committed to purchasing $500 billion worth of US energy products, aircraft parts, precious metals, technology products, and coking coal over the next five years.

Key Features:

• US tariff reduction: 50% → 18% on Indian goods
• Zero duty on generic pharmaceuticals, gems, diamonds, and aircraft parts
• India to eliminate/reduce tariffs on all US industrial goods and agricultural products
• Enhanced digital trade cooperation and supply chain resilience
• Market access expansion for textiles, leather, footwear, organic chemicals, and home décor

Exam Relevance: Important for questions on international trade relations, India-US strategic partnership, economic diplomacy, tariff policies, and bilateral agreements in UPSC, Banking, and SSC examinations.

Table: India-US Trade Agreement Framework

2. UNION BUDGET 2025-26 (FEBRUARY 2026)

The Union Budget 2025-26, presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in early February 2026, focuses on infrastructure development, digital transformation, agricultural reforms, and fiscal consolidation. The budget addresses inflation management, employment generation, and sustainable economic growth while maintaining fiscal discipline. Capital expenditure allocation increased significantly, with enhanced focus on rural development, healthcare infrastructure, and green energy initiatives. The fiscal deficit target for 2025-26 stands at approximately 4.5% of GDP, demonstrating a commitment to fiscal prudence.

Major Allocations:

• Infrastructure: ₹11 lakh crore+ capital expenditure
• Agriculture and allied sectors: Enhanced allocation for farmer welfare schemes
• Healthcare: Strengthening primary healthcare and medical education
• Education: Digital infrastructure and skill development programs
• Defence: Modernisation and self-reliance initiatives

Tax Reforms:

• Income tax slabs rationalisation for middle-class relief
• GST simplification measures
• Incentives for startups and MSMEs
• Green tax on high-emission vehicles

Exam Relevance: Critical for economic survey questions, fiscal policy, taxation, government schemes, and developmental initiatives across all competitive examinations.

3. INDIAN RUPEE DEPRECIATION AND CURRENCY MARKETS

The Indian rupee experienced significant volatility in 2025-2026, breaching the ₹90 per US dollar mark for the first time in January 2026. The currency became Asia’s worst-performing in 2025, depreciating over 6% against the dollar. Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) outflows exceeded $18.5 billion in 2025, creating sustained pressure on the currency. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) adopted a calibrated approach, using forex reserves strategically while allowing gradual depreciation to enhance export competitiveness.

Contributing Factors:

• US tariff policies and trade tensions
• Capital flight from emerging markets
• Elevated crude oil imports and trade deficit
• Strong US dollar index performance
• Geopolitical uncertainties affecting investor sentiment

RBI Interventions:

• Strategic use of $696 billion forex reserves
• Measured interventions to prevent disorderly movements
• Policy rate adjustments for inflation management
• Coordination with the government on fiscal measures

Exam Relevance: Essential for banking examinations, UPSC economics optional, RBI policy questions, and international finance topics.

4. REPUBLIC DAY 2026 CELEBRATIONS

The 77th Republic Day was celebrated on January 26, 2026, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, marking a departure from the traditional New Delhi venue. Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto attended as the chief guest, strengthening the India-Indonesia strategic partnership. The parade showcased India’s cultural diversity, military prowess, and technological advancements. Special emphasis was placed on ‘Operation Sindoor’ valour and 150 years of ‘Vande Mataram’. The Beating Retreat ceremony concluded the celebrations with traditional military music and pageantry.

Highlights:

• First Republic Day parade outside Delhi since Independence
• Display of advanced military hardware, including Rudra, Apache, and Prachand helicopters
• Tableaux representing ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’ theme
• Recognition of Braveheart awardees and freedom fighters
• Cultural performances celebrating India’s rich heritage

Exam Relevance: Important for questions on national events, constitutional celebrations, defence exhibitions, and India’s cultural heritage in the General Awareness sections.

5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REGULATIONS

The Indian government announced comprehensive guidelines for Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance and technology regulations in early 2026. The framework addresses AI ethics, data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and accountability mechanisms. Focus areas include healthcare AI applications, financial technology regulation, autonomous vehicles, and AI in governance. The initiative aims to balance innovation encouragement with citizen protection, establishing India as a responsible AI leader globally.

Key Components:

• Mandatory AI impact assessments for high-risk applications
• Data localisation requirements for sensitive sectors
• Algorithmic bias prevention and fairness standards
• Transparency obligations for AI decision-making systems
• Liability frameworks for AI-caused harm

Sectoral Applications:

• Healthcare: AI-powered diagnostics and drug discovery
• Finance: Fraud detection and credit assessment
• Agriculture: Precision farming and crop prediction
• Education: Personalised learning platforms
• Governance: Service delivery optimisation

Exam Relevance: Critical for science and technology sections, cyber law questions, and contemporary governance topics in UPSC, SSC CGL, and banking examinations.

6. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

India’s commitment to climate action strengthened in 2026 with ambitious renewable energy targets and environmental protection measures. The country aims for 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, with significant progress in solar and wind installations. New regulations address air quality management, plastic waste reduction, water conservation, and biodiversity protection. International climate finance mobilisation and technology transfer emerged as priority negotiation areas.

Policy Initiatives:

• National Green Hydrogen Mission implementation
• Electric Vehicle adoption targets (30% by 2030)
• Afforestation programs (increasing forest cover to 33%)
• Single-use plastic ban enforcement
• Coastal zone management regulations

International Commitments:

• Net-zero emissions target by 2070
• Non-fossil fuel energy capacity expansion
• Carbon intensity reduction by 45% (2005 levels)
• Climate finance mobilisation for developing nations

Exam Relevance: Highly relevant for environment and ecology sections, international relations, science questions, and current environmental issues across competitive examinations.

Table: India’s Climate Targets

7. SPACE EXPLORATION: ISRO ACHIEVEMENTS

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) continued its remarkable trajectory in 2026 with multiple successful missions and technological breakthroughs. ISRO developed the world’s largest 10-tonne vertical planetary mixer for solid propellants, enhancing launch vehicle capabilities. The Gaganyaan human spaceflight program advanced with critical test missions. Chandrayaan-4 mission preparations intensified, focusing on lunar sample return. Commercial satellite launch services expanded, with increased international partnerships.

Major Achievements:

• Successful deployment of navigation satellites for NavIC expansion
• Advanced Earth observation satellites for agricultural monitoring
• Technology demonstration missions for reusable launch vehicles
• International collaboration on space station projects
• Enhanced space debris tracking capabilities

Upcoming Missions:

• Gaganyaan (first crewed mission)
• Chandrayaan-4 (lunar sample return)
• Aditya-L2 solar observation continuation
• Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan-1)
• Space Docking Experiment (SPADEX)

Exam Relevance: Important for science and technology, current affairs, space policy, and India’s achievements sections in UPSC, Railways, and Defence examinations.

8. ELECTORAL REFORMS AND DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES

Significant electoral reforms were proposed in 2026 to strengthen democratic processes, enhance transparency, and increase voter participation. The Election Commission of India introduced advanced technology integration, stricter regulations on campaign finance, and measures to prevent electoral malpractices. Discussion on simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies gained momentum, with law commission recommendations under consideration.

Key Reforms:

• Digital voter registration and verification systems
• Enhanced Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) security protocols
• Real-time campaign expenditure monitoring
• Stricter regulation of social media campaigning
• Voting rights for NRIs without physical presence

Technology Integration:

• Blockchain-based voter verification
• AI-powered fake news detection during elections
• Remote voting pilots for specific voter categories
• Enhanced accessibility for differently-abled voters

Exam Relevance: Critical for polity and governance, current affairs, constitutional amendments, and democratic processes in UPSC and state-level examinations.

9. HEALTHCARE SECTOR REFORMS

Comprehensive healthcare reforms in 2026 focus on universal health coverage expansion, medical infrastructure enhancement, and pharmaceutical self-reliance. The Ayushman Bharat program coverage increased, benefiting additional economically vulnerable families. Emphasis on preventive healthcare, telemedicine expansion, and medical education reforms characterised policy initiatives. India emerged as a global hub for generic pharmaceuticals and vaccine manufacturing.

Major Initiatives:

• Ayushman Bharat coverage expansion to 60 crore+ beneficiaries
• Primary Health Centre (PHC) upgradation in rural areas
• National Digital Health Mission implementation
• Medical college establishment in underserved districts
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing self-reliance programs

Health Indicators:

• Infant Mortality Rate reduction targets
• Maternal health improvement initiatives
• Universal Immunisation Program expansion
• Disease surveillance and control systems
• Mental health awareness and treatment accessibility

Exam Relevance: Important for government schemes, social issues, healthcare policy, and developmental programs in Banking, SSC, and UPSC examinations.

10. AGRICULTURAL REFORMS AND FARMER WELFARE

Agricultural sector reforms in 2026 addressed farmer income enhancement, sustainable farming practices, and agricultural technology adoption. Minimum Support Price (MSP) revisions for various crops ensured remunerative prices. Climate-resilient agricultural practices, precision farming technology, and organic farming promotion received policy support. Agricultural export facilitation and value chain development emerged as focus areas.

Policy Measures:

• PM-KISAN direct benefit transfer enhancement
• Crop insurance scheme improvements
• Agricultural credit accessibility expansion
• Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs) strengthening
• Market access infrastructure development

Technology Adoption:

• Drone-based crop monitoring and pesticide application
• Soil health card digital integration
• Weather-based crop advisory systems
• Blockchain for agricultural supply chain transparency
• AI-powered pest and disease prediction

Exam Relevance: Critical for economic survey, agriculture sector knowledge, government schemes, and rural development in competitive examinations.

Table: Agricultural Initiatives 2026

11. DEFENCE MODERNIZATION AND STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

India’s defence modernisation accelerated in 2026 with indigenous weapons development, strategic partnerships, and capability enhancement across all services. The focus on ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ in defence manufacturing intensified, with increased private sector participation. Major acquisitions included advanced fighter aircraft, submarines, missile systems, and surveillance platforms. Military exercises with strategic partners strengthened interoperability.

Major Acquisitions:

• Tejas Mk2 fighter aircraft production enhancement
• Indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant’s operational deployment
• Advanced submarine acquisition programs
• S-400 air defence system full deployment
• Drone technology and swarm capabilities

Strategic Initiatives:

• Defence industrial corridors development
• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) projects acceleration
• Make in India defence production targets
• Export promotion of indigenous defence equipment
• Cyber warfare capabilities enhancement

Exam Relevance: Essential for defence and security, current affairs, strategic partnerships, and national security topics in NDA, CDS, CAPF, and UPSC examinations.

12. DIGITAL INDIA AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVES

Digital India initiatives expanded significantly in 2026, with enhanced digital infrastructure, cybersecurity frameworks, and e-governance services. The focus on digital financial inclusion, smart cities development, and broadband connectivity in rural areas intensified. Emerging technologies like 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain found widespread application in governance and service delivery.

Key Programs:

• BharatNet project for rural broadband connectivity
• Digital payment infrastructure strengthening (UPI, BHIM)
• National Data Governance Framework implementation
• DigiLocker and digital document verification expansion
• E-governance services integration across departments

Cybersecurity Measures:

• National Cybersecurity Policy updates
• Critical infrastructure protection protocols
• Data protection and privacy regulations
• Capacity building in cyber forensics
• International cooperation on cyber threats

Exam Relevance: Important for technology, governance, digital economy, and current initiatives sections in Banking, SSC, and UPSC examinations.

13. WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND GENDER JUSTICE

Women’s empowerment initiatives in 2026 focused on economic participation, education, health, safety, and leadership opportunities. Policy measures addressed the gender wage gap, workplace harassment, and representation in decision-making positions. Special emphasis on skill development, entrepreneurship support, and financial inclusion for women characterises government programs.

Major Initiatives:

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao program expansion
• Women’s entrepreneurship support schemes
• Maternity benefit enhancements
• Safety and security infrastructure improvement
• Political reservation debates and implementation

Legal Reforms:

• Stricter enforcement of sexual harassment laws
• Property rights strengthening
• Domestic violence prevention mechanisms
• Gender-sensitive judicial processes
• Equal opportunity employment regulations

Exam Relevance: Critical for social issues, government schemes, constitutional provisions, and contemporary social topics in all competitive examinations.

14. EDUCATION POLICY AND REFORMS

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 implementation progressed significantly in 2026, with curriculum reforms, examination system changes, and infrastructure development. Emphasis on multidisciplinary education, skill-based learning, and technology integration characterised reforms. Teacher training programs, higher education quality improvement, and vocational education expansion received policy attention.

Implementation Highlights:

• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) mission progress
• Multiple entry-exit options in higher education
• Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) operationalisation
• Skill development integration in the curriculum
• Research and innovation ecosystem strengthening

Digital Education:

• DIKSHA platform expansion for digital content
• Virtual laboratories and simulation tools
• AI-powered personalized learning
• Online degree programs by premier institutions
• EdTech regulation and quality assurance

Exam Relevance: Important for education policy, social development, government initiatives, and contemporary issues in Teaching, UPSC, and state-level examinations.

15. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

India’s renewable energy sector witnessed unprecedented growth in 2026, with solar and wind capacity additions exceeding targets. The National Green Hydrogen Mission gained momentum, with pilot projects and international partnerships. Energy storage solutions, grid modernisation, and distributed renewable energy received significant investment. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) achievement remained a policy priority.

Capacity Additions:

• Solar power installations: 70+ GW cumulative capacity
• Wind energy: 45+ GW operational capacity
• Hydroelectric projects: Enhanced pumped storage
• Biomass and waste-to-energy: Decentralized systems
• Green hydrogen production: Initial production facilities

Policy Support:

• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) for solar manufacturing
• Offshore wind energy policy framework
• Renewable energy purchase obligations enhancement
• Grid integration and transmission infrastructure
• Research and development funding

Exam Relevance: Critical for the energy sector, sustainable development, environmental topics, and government policies in UPSC, Engineering Services, and state examinations.

16. FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS AND BANKING POLICIES

Comprehensive financial sector reforms in 2026 addressed banking stability, credit accessibility, digital banking expansion, and regulatory framework strengthening. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced measures for financial inclusion, fintech regulation, and payment system security. Non-Performing Assets (NPA) reduction remained a priority with improved recovery mechanisms.

Banking Sector Initiatives:

• Public sector bank recapitalisation
• Amalgamation and consolidation outcomes
• Priority sector lending targets enhancement
• Mudra loan scheme expansion for micro-enterprises
• Agricultural credit distribution improvement

Digital Banking:

• Digital rupee (e-rupee) pilot expansion
• Account Aggregator framework implementation
• Open banking ecosystem development
• Cybersecurity protocols for digital transactions
• Financial literacy and consumer protection

Exam Relevance: Essential for banking awareness, economic development, monetary policy, and financial regulations in Banking, Insurance, UPSC, and SSC examinations.

17. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: ROADS, RAILWAYS, AND PORTS

Infrastructure development accelerated in 2026 with ambitious targets for highways, railway modernisation, port development, and urban transit systems. The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) implementation progressed, with significant private sector participation through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models. Focus on connectivity enhancement, logistics efficiency, and multi-modal transportation characterised infrastructure policy.

Major Projects:

• Bharatmala Pariyojana highway construction
• Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC) operationalisation
• Vande Bharat Express network expansion
• Sagarmala port-led development program
• Metro rail projects in tier-2 and tier-3 cities

Technology Integration:

• Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
• Electronic toll collection (FASTag) universalisation
• Railway safety enhancement through technology
• Port automation and digitisation
• Logistics efficiency improvement platforms

Exam Relevance: Important for infrastructure development, economic growth, government projects, and developmental initiatives in Railways, Engineering Services, and UPSC examinations.

18. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIA’S GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT

India’s diplomatic engagement intensified in 2026 with strategic partnerships, multilateral forum leadership, and regional cooperation initiatives. India’s G20 presidency outcomes continued to influence global governance. Relations with neighbouring countries, strategic autonomy maintenance, and global south leadership characterised foreign policy. Counter-terrorism cooperation, climate diplomacy, and trade negotiations received priority attention.

Strategic Partnerships:

• Quad (India, US, Japan, Australia) cooperation enhancement
• BRICS expansion and India’s role
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) engagement
• India-EU strategic partnership strengthening
• African and Latin American engagement

Regional Initiatives:

• BIMSTEC economic and security cooperation
• SAARC revitalisation efforts
• Indo-Pacific strategy implementation
• Neighbourhood First policy execution
• Act East policy outcomes

Exam Relevance: Critical for international relations, foreign policy, diplomatic initiatives, and global affairs in UPSC, IFS, and state-level examinations.

19. SOCIAL JUSTICE: SC/ST/OBC WELFARE INITIATIVES

Social justice initiatives in 2026 focused on educational empowerment, economic upliftment, and social inclusion of Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backwards Classes (OBC). Reservation policies, anti-discrimination measures, and affirmative action programs received policy emphasis. Atrocities prevention, legal aid accessibility, and awareness generation characterised welfare measures.

Welfare Schemes:

• Pre-Matric and Post-Matric scholarships expansion
• Venture Capital Fund for SC entrepreneurs
• Tribal development programs in Schedule V areas
• OBC Commission recommendations implementation
• Digital literacy programs for marginalised communities

Legal Framework:

• SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act enforcement
• Anti-discrimination regulations strengthening
• Forest Rights Act implementation
• Land rights protection mechanisms
• Reservation in promotions debates

Exam Relevance: Important for social issues, constitutional provisions, government welfare schemes, and contemporary debates in all competitive examinations.

20. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND SMART CITIES

Urban development initiatives in 2026 emphasised sustainable urbanisation, smart city infrastructure, affordable housing, and urban transportation improvement. The Smart Cities Mission implementation progressed with technology integration in city management. Focus on waste management, water conservation, green spaces, and citizen services characterization urban policy.

Smart Cities Progress:

• 100 Smart Cities Mission implementation status
• Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCC) operationalisation
• IoT-based city management systems
• Citizen engagement platforms
• Public Wi-Fi and digital services expansion

Housing Initiatives:

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) achievement
• Affordable housing finance accessibility
• Slum rehabilitation and urban renewal
• Green building standards adoption
• Real estate sector regulation (RERA) effectiveness

Exam Relevance: Critical for urban governance, developmental programs, infrastructure topics, and government schemes in UPSC, state services, and municipal examinations.

21. STARTUP INDIA AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP ECOSYSTEM

India’s startup ecosystem flourished in 2026, with increased unicorn creation, venture capital investment, and innovation in technology sectors. Government support through regulatory simplification, tax incentives, and incubation infrastructure characterised startup policy. Focus on deep-tech startups, sustainability solutions, and rural entrepreneurship emerged as priorities.

Ecosystem Development:

• 100,000+ recognised startups milestone achievement
• Startup India Seed Fund Scheme implementation
• Incubators and accelerators network expansion
• Regulatory sandbox for fintech and healthtech
• Intellectual property protection for startups

Sectoral Focus:

• Agritech and rural innovation
• Healthtech and medical devices
• Edtech and skill development platforms
• Cleantech and renewable energy solutions
• Deep-tech (AI, blockchain, quantum computing)

Exam Relevance: Important for economic development, innovation ecosystem, government initiatives, and contemporary economic topics in Banking, SSC, and UPSC examinations.

22. JUDICIAL REFORMS AND LEGAL SYSTEM

Judicial reforms in 2026 addressed pendency reduction, access to justice improvement, technology integration, and judicial infrastructure enhancement. E-courts implementation accelerated with virtual hearings and digital case management. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms promotion and legal aid accessibility characterised justice delivery reforms.

Reform Initiatives:

• National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) for case tracking
• Virtual court hearings infrastructure
• Fast-track courts for specific categories
• Judicial appointments transparency
• Case management system digitisation

Access to Justice:

• Legal Services Authority network expansion
• Tele-law services for remote areas
• Lok Adalat frequency increase
• Victim compensation mechanisms
• Witness protection programs

Exam Relevance: Critical for polity and governance, judicial system, constitutional framework, and legal reforms in UPSC, judicial services, and law examinations.

23. SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS AND POLICY INITIATIVES

India’s sports sector witnessed significant achievements in 2026 with international competition successes and grassroots development initiatives. Hosting major international events, medal tallies in multi-sport competitions, and individual athlete achievements characterised sporting excellence. Khelo India program expansion and sports infrastructure development received policy emphasis.

Major Achievements:

• ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026 hosting preparations
• Olympic and Asian Games preparations
• Women’s Premier League (WPL) success
• Individual athlete international rankings improvement
• Traditional sports revival initiatives

Infrastructure Development:

• National Centres of Excellence establishment
• Sports science and medicine facilities
• Grassroots sports infrastructure in schools
• High-performance training centres
• Multi-purpose indoor stadiums

Exam Relevance: Important for current affairs, sports achievements, government initiatives, and contemporary topics in the General Awareness sections of all examinations.

24. DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE

Disaster management capabilities strengthened in 2026 with improved early warning systems, response mechanisms, and resilience building. Climate change adaptation strategies, infrastructure protection, and community preparedness characterised disaster management policy. Technology integration in forecasting, coordination enhancement, and capacity building received focus.

Institutional Framework:

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) initiatives
• State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF) strengthening
• Disaster Management Act implementation
• Early warning system improvement
• Emergency response protocols standardisation

Climate Resilience:

• Coastal zone vulnerability assessment
• Flood management infrastructure
• Drought mitigation strategies
• Earthquake-resistant building codes
• Community-based disaster preparedness

Exam Relevance: Critical for disaster management, environmental topics, governance, and contemporary issues in UPSC, state services, and defence examinations.

25. CYBER SECURITY AND DATA PROTECTION

Cybersecurity emerged as a critical priority in 2026 with comprehensive policy frameworks, institutional strengthening, and international cooperation. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act implementation addressed privacy concerns while enabling digital economy growth. Critical infrastructure protection, cybercrime prevention, and capacity building characterized cyber security initiatives.

Policy Framework:

• National Cyber Security Policy updates
• Data Protection Authority establishment
• Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) protection
• Incident response mechanisms
• International cooperation on cyber threats

Emerging Challenges:

• Ransomware and malware threats
• Deepfake and misinformation campaigns
• Financial fraud and digital payment security
• IoT device vulnerabilities
• State-sponsored cyber attacks

Capacity Building:

• Cybersecurity skill development programs
• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) expansion
• Public awareness campaigns
• Law enforcement training
• Research and development in cyber defence

Exam Relevance: Essential for technology, security, legal framework, and contemporary challenges in Banking, UPSC, Defence, and cybersecurity-focused examinations.

Prepared for: UPSC Civil Services, State PSCs, SSC CGL/CHSL, Banking (IBPS/SBI), Railways, Defence (NDA/CDS/CAPF), Insurance (LIC/NICL), Teaching Exams, and other Government Competitive Examinations.